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Britain |
Nigeria |
Germany |
Mexico |
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Interests |
Some narrow concerns some encompassing economic olicies. Trade Union Congress: represent many different types of workers and most member unions are affiliated with the Labor Party. Half their members are employed by public sector; control their wages and strikes or go-slow actions. Unlike political parties, interest groups do not seek influence by contesting elections; they want to influence pol regardless of which party wins Labor party: trade unions & not formal connection but Conservatives with business association. Both notwithstanding common interests. Party pol seek to distance from pressure groups . can win an election only by votes of oridinary citizens. To lobby successfully, interest groups identify prime minister as the most influential offices and institutions. CM, media, senior civil servants.. Most pressure group contacts within gov department concerned with issues. |
1st effect of organized interest groups: unions, trade associations, religious bodies 2nd more informal channels of participation = clientelism Formal associations and institutions often offer the most vigorous expression of societal independence fro gov. -Ethnic and religious associations 1st formal associations: ethnic base, often formed the organizational base for parties, and contributed to the latter associations’ ethinic orientations. In North, clientelist ties are relatively stronger that ethnic type asso. Play less role. Religious institutions and associations: durable and resilient Associational life is most active in south: north is home to Islamic ”mystic brotherhood” =influential among lower-class Hausa Muslims & suspicion by representatives of orthodox lslam. APC: defending northern interests OPC: Yoruba interests in the southwest |
Administrative law requires that gov. officials contact groups when formulating new policies that may affect their interests. Gov. benefit from expertise of IG representatives. efficient This cooperation between gov. and IG is neocorporatism: social interests are organized into virtually compulsory organizations, a single asso. Represents each social sector, assos are hierarchically structured, assos accepted as formal representatives by gov., assos may participate directly in policy process. IG can negotiate on policy withouth the pressures of public debate and partisan conflict; may not best gov. in democracy since decisions affecting the entire public are often made through private negotiations. Igs play less active role in electoral pol. |
In Mexico’s presidentialist sytem, important public policies used to be initiated and shaped by the inner circle of presidential advisers before they were even presented for public discussion. So intereset representation took place within the upper levels of the federal bureaucracy. Until PRI defeat in 2000, Corporatist system of interest representation in which each citixen and societal segment was expected to relate to the state through a single structure “licednsed” by the state to organize and represent that sector of society (1. labor sector, 2. peasant sector, and 3. popular sector) These groups often dealt directly with the government elite, often at the presidential or cabinet level. Well-placed representatives within the executive branch. Ruling party and national legislature didn not effectively aggregate interests, individual and group sought satisfaction through personal contacts : patron-client relationships Traditional instruments of control interests by gov. security forces still effective in PRI |
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IG want
Gov want
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-Associational groups Trade unions have played a role since the colonial period in pol. Sometimes throuth collectively through Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC :organized more frequently by sector) Petroleum workers can have an immediate impact on national economy so pol. Influence. Professional org: bar, medical, journalists= politicized as issues concern them directly Universities: faculty, student= earliest critics of military rule, their strikes are common yet no political impact National Democratic Coalition and Campaign for Democracy influential in intellectual circles and among students. During long periods of military rule, politicians at all levels who turned out by military have constituted an interest group united around their desire to be allowed back into the circles of power. -Nonassociational Groups “kaduna Mafia” network of powerful northern leaders who are said to maintain strong influence over the military and politics. Northern intelligentsia: who are less dependent on patronage of the traditional rulers. Lost influence at least temporarily Most force is in agriculture but ethnic divisions prevented formation of any national-level farm organizations. Engaged in local cooperative activities in regional. Military: more than an interest group, enlisted personnel and lower ranking officers have not seen any direct benefit from military rule, many supported efforts to return to civilian rule. Country’s ethinic divisions are reflected in military too. Most rank from northern non-Hausa minorities. Ethinicity is only one factor in the complex in military that is a constant possibility for new factions will emerge to challenge the current leadership. -Patron Client Networks Powerfully mobilize support through personal “connections” with subordinates Clientelism was an integral aspect of pol. Life in the larger scale precolonial systems of the Hausa, Yoruba, and others. Local level, traditional rulers and pol. System maintain some influence. It’s culture that remains important as an approach to powerful modern figures independent of any local traditional context. It’s durability makes the “restructuring” of Nigerian administration difficult when under pressure to develop an “austerity” budget |
Business: BDI for business on national pol. matter (represent nearly every major industrial firm) & BDA for business with social security, labor legislation, and social services (employer in nation) / close relations with Christian Democrats and conservative politicians Labor: DGB (represent interests of labor in gov. conference groups and bundestag committees.) metalworking, building trades, chemical industry, and postal system: membership declined, represent 1/3 labor force / Social Democratic Party yet no formal institutional bond. Most SPD deputies are members of a union and 1/10 are former labor union officials. Diff. interest but business and unions shown an unusual ability to work together. First priority was economic growth. This cooperation is encouraged by joint participation of business and union representatives in gov committees and planning froups. Federal policy requires employees elect half of the board of directors in large companies. Social Demo favor codetermination due to democratic principle into economic system. Religious: 3rd major IG. Closely related to politics. Subject to rules of the state and receive formal representations and support fro gov. Church appointees regularly sit on gov. planning deal with edu. Social services and family affairs. Catholic hierarchy not hesitant to lobby gov. on legislation dealing with social or moral issues. Influential role in policymaking. Protestant Church: loose association, pol involvement varies with preferences of local pstors and bishops that limited involvement in partisan pol while seen favor social democrats. Both churches gradually waned over with declining church attendance in both W&E. New Politics Movement: challenging established socioeconomic interests, focused on lifestyle and quality-of-life issues facing Germany. Environmental groups (most visible), and women’s movement; members from the same social base (young, better educated, and middle-class citizens) |
PRI: mechanism for redugin violent conflict among contenders from public office and for consolidating the power of the central gov. In four elections prior to 2006, PRI did best among older voters, less educated, and low-income people. PAN:reaction to leftward drift of public policy under president lazaro Cardenas, founder include Catholic intellectuals. Principal constituency the urban middle calss, also attracted votes among socially conservative peasants and urban working class -PAN’s regional stronghold include the North, Center-West, and large municipalities. Ideological position constant, center right, strong elements of Christian socialism, combined with traditional liberal attitudes on trade, municipal decentralization, and general democratization PRD: socialists and other left-of-center pol. Willing to collaborate with gov. and even to endorse PRI’s presidential candidates. Until 2000, on left policy positions, 2003-6 much larger PRD delegation increased its opposition to the federal gov. economic sector. PRD support from urban working-class who traditionally support left 2006, PRD among poor and lower middle class / PAN higher income voters, pro business platform. Region was important then social class in 2006. PRD weak in most northern and central states but strong support from metropolitan Mexico City, and South while PAN support concentrated in North and center of the country. |
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Party system |
Party government: parties nominate parliamentary candidates and people elect party. MP elect a leader who is prime minister. General election must occur at least once every five yrs. Winner is one who got more vote than opponents. Winner nationally is the party that gains the most constituency seats. Electoral strength is concentrated rater than spread evenly throughout the country. Winner nationally is the party that gains the most constituency seats. Conservative and Labour parties big so look two-party system. The failure of one party tends to benefit its opponent. Multiparty system emerged when both largest parties are discredited. To win a substantial number of seats in the house of commons, a party must either gain at least 1/3 of the poplular vote nationally or concentrate its votes ina limited number of constituencies. If Britain had a proportional representation system a majority gov would require a coalition between at least two parties. & third party determine who governs. PM must try to keep all parts of the party together in support for one’s position otherwise risk well-publicized. Labor party leader electoral college composed of Labour MPs, constituency party members, and trade unions. Conservative Party leader emerged until 1965 as the result of sonsultation among senior MPs and peers. Now elect among conservative MPs and the two MPs with the most votes voted on by the party membership at large. Liberal Democrats have small central organization build strength by winning seats at local gov election. Leader nominated by liberal MPs and the leader. |
NCNC; national council of Nigeria and the ameroons, chapters were extablished across nigeria AG; action group; Yoruba lawyer NCNC won in multiethinic Lagos, AG won the majority of seats in Western Region. North rule indirectly traditional emirs ; South among Western-educated elite. |
System of party government. Christian Democrats: CDU a mixed group of catholics and protestant, businesspeople and trade unionistas, conservatives and liberals. To reconstruct West Germany along Christian and humanitarian lines. Conservative-oriented catchall party. Social Democrats: ideological party, primarily representing the interests of unions and the working class. Continued to represent working-class interests but by shedding its ideological banner the SPD hoped to attract new support from the middle class. SPD and Free Democrats frequently disagreed on economic policy, and political divisions developed within the SPD. Free Democratic Party: pol influence by coalition of parties. Liberal tradition from the prewar party system, initially strong advocate of private enterprise and support from pretestant middle class and farmers. Economic policies made a natural ally to CDU/CSU. FDP limiting leftist leanings of SPD and conservative tendencies of the CDU/ CSU. The Greens: Environmental issues. “antiparty party” alternative view of pol, seeking much stronger measures to protect the environment. Typical dress for Green deputies was jeans and a sweater. Party brought necessary attention to pol viewpoints that previously were overlooked. Basic law is unusual. Refers to pol parties, the basic lsq guarantees pol. Parties legitimacy and right to exist. |
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Britain |
Nigeria |
Germany |
Mexico |
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Family |
Limited influence Political elites generally grew up in home in which politic was often discussed. |
Core unit of pol. Activity Families indentifies with traditional role in society and still important in politics, Yoruba. Polygamous families (big family) =kinship (provides most powerful sense of identity and loyalty) =clientelist relationships. |
Child gets basic values Early postwar: family socialization did not function smoothly on either side of the German. Current: Federal Republic could pass on democratic norms. Generation gap. E vs. W Youth orient toward non-economic goal, support peace and environment. |
Learn attitudes toward the political system. |
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Religion |
No longer a substantial influence of voting except in Ireland. Limited linkage between conservatives and church of England |
Very important that affects pol. orientations. After democracy, north, implement Islamic law Muslim vs. Christian opposition. |
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Catholic church= key source of values affection pol behavior. Provide edu for middle- and upper- class families Need for moral Christian behavior in public life |
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Gender |
Different gender roles but equal right to vote and participate in pol. Similar voting behavior on both sides gender. Male candidates outnumbered 4/1. Most women serve in low office. |
Gender bias in favor or men. Boy gets more edu. then girl in north white about equal in south (polygamy rare in urban due to cost) |
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Education |
Edu. incidental influence. Traditionally supported inequality. Highly educated people are expected to play a leading role in politics. Education is strongly related to active participation in politics. At one time, graduates from public schools predominated in Cabinet. The expansion of universities broken dominance. Aristocracy (birth &family) to meritocracy (education). |
Central role in developing sense of community. Expected benefits from government. Two southern regions invested on edu. Elite occupies the enrollment. Edu.gap = northern reject educated southern Increase enrollment after democracy. As illiteracy decrease, pol. Interest rose. Northern pol. Dominance in the face of higher educational achievement in the south continues to aggravate interregional political conflict. English= public official language <N.Hausa, SE.Igbo, SW.Yoruba> |
Civics classes in the FRG’s pol.system increased pblic understanding of the democratic process. GDR’s edu. Conflicted with reality & gov. supervised youth groups to sports that values touched everyday life. Social stratification reinforce social status.. 1st: general edu for working-class, 2nd: mixes vocational and academic training to lower middle-class, 3rd: academic training at a Gymnasium to university. Difficult to transfer, highest rack well financed with best teachers. Graduate from gymnasion gurantees free tuition univiersity. GDR’s edu like U.S. West followed traditional european edu of elitist edu. Now lags in equalizzing access to higher edu. That increase access to university |
All institutions must follow a gov. approved curriculum and use the same set of free textbooks, written by federal ministry of education. = gov. socialize children to formal set of pol. Values. Stressed the social and economic progress accomplished under postrevolutionary gov, president as authority whose principal funtion is to maintain order = favor strong presidential leadership despite failures High edu. Stronger support for right to dissent(다른 의견) and other democratic liberties. |
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Class |
Refer to socioeconomic character.. Social status by income and edu. Conservative (middle-class): homeowners /Labor (working-class): manual workers, trade union, local gov. owned council house. Due to cross-class appeal of parties. Most are mixture of middle-class and working-class attributes. Relationship between class and party has become limited. Class rule as a thing of the past. |
To traditionally minded Nigerians, identification determination of one’s appropriate role in modern pol. |
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Most gov. bureaucrats and politicians are viewed as distant, elitist, and self-serving, if not corrupt so Voting as ritualistic activites. |
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media |
Primary source of pol. Influence political values Reinforce diff. arising from class and edu. |
Lively Press from Lagos decreased its size. In 1/3 illiterate limits pol. effect of the press. Most get news from the radio and TV at least once a week. Also outside broadcast. In recent, satellite and internet by mouth Authoritarian regimes restrict on media. Tension between military gov & press |
Avoid to centralize rather regionalize. (Tv, radio, and press.) from Nazi experience Primary source of info. For public and communication link between elite & public. Public TV strongly committed to pol. Programming. Germans are attentive media users and well informed on the flow of political events. |
Mexicans appear more susceptible to persuasive campaign appeals; relatively more change their party identification during the course of a campaign. Absence of a core set of stable political beliefs. For seven decades, PRI used the mass media as an agent of pol. Socialization: significant economic penalties for engaging in criticism of president. Since 2000, mass media much more openly critical of gov. performance Print reach only a tiny fraction of population. TV= monopolized by private firm :close relationship with PRI.. now breakup of monopoly Now after congress bill to stop awarding from gov 2006, more balanced fashion. |
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state |
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Pol. attitudes are likely to be affected by everyday contact with the state than by the state’s direct, intentional efforts to shape attitudes. Primary pol experience= contact Local gov General cynicism due to media accounts of corruption (gov tells price to speed file). Important resources will be distributed through the gov is offset by the uncertainty of the outcome of any attempt to become involved. |
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participation |
Average 76% voting election due to easy to register, sense of civic duty (direct influence one can do) Voting or signing petition may bbe only pol. Activity for majority. Pol activists are a minority of the electorate, main focus in news Protests by edu. Young regular parts of pol. Life. Minimal influence except environmentalists. |
majority poor and illiterate populace 40-60% voting suspect reason from patron-client Interest in elections declined during the long transition to civilian rule, yet rose back as civilian rule. |
Most westerners think their participation can influence the poil process. To Easterners participation was for gov to influence citizen. Now both sides actively involve in pol. Subject to partisian |
Polular support for the Mexican pol. System derived from three sources: the revolutionary origins of the regime, the gov’s role in promoting economic growth, and its performance in distributing concrete, material benefits to a substantial proportion of the Mexican population. |
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Elite- recruit |
Cabinet minister= most important, 1st elected to parliament, spend yrs attracting positive attention, shortly after leaving the university, partisan advisers become assistants to pol then graduate to careers as MPs, journalists, or lobbyists. Individuals enter civil service shortyly after leaving university by passing a highly competitive entrance examnnination 1. become an MP (elected to parliament spend yrs attracting positive attention) 2. straight from university to party headquarters 3. nomination for a winnable seat (in hands of local selection committees since no popular primaries, no residency requirements) 4. getting notice (superior debating skills or well informed about important issues but do not attack party membership) 5. get reelected a number of times (at least 3 times prior to ministerial position) significance of experience in commons. Ministers shifted every five yrs. Not an expert on single subject. Department selection based on potential for abundance ment. Improve position while not making enemies. Relationship with sitting PM is very important. Expertise or position in organizations outside pol, or trusted by leading pol. Starting early precondition of success, experience Cabinet ministers are not expected to begin in loval and work way to top instead early age becomes a cadet to junior position as parliamentary assistant to an MP or gofer for cabinet minister Geography 2nd important, highers civil servants spen working lives in London. |
Northerners have dominated the leadership of the country under both civilian and military rule. North polulation is about the same as in east and west combined. Early yrs, educated southerners Igbos enter office and military that led first coup. First coup had expected to have long-term pol careers. Second military power gradual change to rule long. Abacha able to rule only on basis of force at least south. North don’t want Yoruba president. Politics is still largely a game of money: retired military, the business group, and some retired civil servants dominate the electiove positions while few academics have pol appointments. |
Civil servants and judges are appointed to represent the public interest, and indirectly responsible to citizenry. Leaders of interest groups and pol associations participate in pol process as representatives of their specific clientele groups. Because traditional or authoritarian elite share common interests, current elite do not share distinct and common interests. SPD elites & officials from labor union: need for greater social and economic equality, social security, and integration of foreigners CDU/CSU & business representatives: distinct economic position, |
Few elites from working class or peasant. Most middle class. During PRI time, most born or raised in Mexico city. Elite foreign universities and in disciplines like economics and public administration, became much more important as a ticket of entry into the national political elite. PRI’s entire career within gov bureaucracy at financial and planning agencies never engaging in partisan pol. This removed from the line of presidential succession by 96. (technocrats) At Vincente Fox time, few technocrats who favor nongovernmental experience. So most from from outside mexico city, undergraduate in private rather than public. 75% had no no known pol party. Few from PAN. Felipe Calderon 44yrs, late techonocratic, cabinet of Fox, master’s degrees in eco from Harvard, unlike last five PRI presidents, had experience in party pol, and elective office. From 70s kinship ties important, born into pol prominent families. Yet massive turnover of officeholders every six years= fluidity & dropping age of cabinet. Most in late 30s or early 40s |
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Cabinet ministers Becoming an MP, nomination for a winnable or safe seat in the house of commons in the hands of local pary selection committees. No need to be resident, from university to job in the house of commons or party headquarters then nomination for seat, takes yrs Once selected, expect to be reelected routinely for a decade or more. Seeks to be noticed by successfully attacking opposition in debate or well informed about polly important topic and showing loyalty to party leader. Experience in commons not prepare for minister,. MP’s chief concerns dealing with people and talking about gov ought to do. Minister also be able to handle paperwork, relate pol generalties to specific technical problems facing department and make hard dicisions when alternatives are unpopular. Better change of junior ministerial appointment If an MP serves three terms in parliament MP first given a junior post as an under secretary then promoted to minister of state before becoming a full member of the cabinet. One shuffled from one department to another High civil Servants have a job in Whitehall for the whole of their working lives. Recruited withouht specific professional qualifications or training. Head of the civil service usually starts as young. “Political” advisor: mobilize pol. Support for the gov. and for the CM to whom they are assigned. They have background in party pol and media yet lack of knowing legal obligations due to no experience as civil service. Specialist knowledge pol. Advisor: environmental pollution or cloning, expertise that is lacking in gov. department and are long-time supporters of the gov. party. Traditionally pol. Leaders had high social status and wealth before gaining pol office. Today, pol full-time occupation. As careers more specialized, increadingly distant from other spheres of british life. PM is first among equals Real power in hands of higher civil servants and corportate directors. |
Nigerian universities produce public administrators they follow longterm public administrators in federal, state, or local: usually not affected by changes at the top.(permanence of civil service) Appropriate Edu level expected in civil service. Into pol positions at the local and state levels exclude “strangers” even may be long-time residents, except when “strangers” are sufficiently numerous, so can win. & advantage of creating a multiethinic council is stimulates identity and participation in the community on the part of populations. Characteristic of recruitment into pol or administrative: effort faithfully to “reflect the federal character of Nigeria” an ethnic microcosm of locality or state it controls. Past, military northern officers appointed in northern states, yorubas and others from southwest to states in that regions ..especially at highest position. Ethinic politics are still very much dominating the pol. President obasanjo divided into 6 yet oil production region have build frictions and neglected by other administrations. |
Numerous pathways to elite positions. Party elites may have exceptional pol abilities, administrative elites are initially recruited because of their formal training and bureaucratic skills, and interest group leaders are selected for their ability to represent their group. The long apprenticeship period that precedes entry into the top elite stratum. Pol elites have extensive experience before attaining a position of real power & know each other = trust and responsibility in elite interactions Until Merkel, chancellors previously served as minister presidents of their state. Seldom top business leaders of popular personalities use there outside success to attain a position quickly, contributes to cohesion of elite pol. Chancellor Merkel is an unusual: did not serve a long carrer or party and pol positions. (born in W.Germany, then moved to E. at age 1. a member of the communist youth league, ph.D in chemistry from E.aiming to research scientist, first joined Democratic Awakening then CDU deputy, CDU leaders, Minister for women and youth, environment minister, nationaal chair of the CDU, first woman and first from GDR to head the German federal gov) |
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Tony blair has given ministerial posts to personal supporters: they owe their posts ot their patron then voters and the the labour party. Most powerful positions held by elected middle class elected officials. elite education. |
From north have strong tie to region ethnics. |
Upper middle calss High education (private or public) Connect early to gov. system (local or state pol.) |
Middle class have kinship tie with politic family. Graduate from U.S. universities in economic. Serve as party’s national chairman. |
Social justice, democracy, need for national unity, and popular origins of the current regime … reinforced by mass media, public schools and the organizations with official party.
Few Mexicans based their support for the system primarily on its revolutionary origins or symbolic outputs rather material rewards.
Even now, Mexicans’ concept of democracy emphasizes economic and social outputs rather than procedural liberties.
PRD: performance as Mexico City mayor, high-visibility public works, monthly payments to senior citizens
PAN: reduce social inequality through expansion of opportunities, federal welfare to already benefiting low-income families,
Mexican’s pride in their country still seems rooted largely in their nation’s pol institutions.
Historically, most Mexicans tolerated corruption in gov as a price to be paid in order to extract benefits from the system or to be deal with police harassment.
comparativepoliticsocialzation.docx
